Checklist Pengurangan Air Hilang (NRW)

Checklist ini lahir dari upaya praktis tim lapangan dan tim analitik yang berusaha mengurangi air hilang. Tujuannya sederhana: membantu mengubah “Kami punya masalah NRW besar” menjadi “Ini rencana sistematik untuk mengatasinya—dan ini langkah pertamanya.”

Alat ini dirancang untuk membantu utilitas air dalam melakukan assessment NRW dan merencanakan program pengurangan secara bertahap. Gunakan untuk mengidentifikasi celah, memprioritaskan tindakan, dan melacak kemajuan implementasi. Setiap bagian dilengkapi dengan daftar pertanyaan dan “target state” sebagai panduan—sesuaikan dengan konteks organisasi Anda, dan libatkan ahli eksternal ketika diperlukan untuk analisis teknis mendalam.

PART A: NRW Baseline Assessment

A1. NRW Calculation & Measurement

Checklist:

  • Define NRW calculation methodology (metered vs estimate, peak vs average)
  • Collect production volume data (last 12 months, monthly basis)
  • Collect billed consumption data (customer meters, last 12 months)
  • Calculate water balance (produced - billed - unbilled authorized = NRW)
  • Calculate NRW percentage (NRW / production × 100%)
  • Identify data quality issue (missing data, inconsistent measurement)
  • Establish baseline year (for tracking progress)

Target state:

  • Accurate NRW calculation dengan <5% estimation error
  • Monthly tracking (not annual only)
  • Confidence tentang baseline number

Tools:

  • Water balance spreadsheet (dari water utilities association atau utilitas air peer)
  • Production meter calibration certificate
  • Billing system data extract

A2. NRW Breakdown: Physical vs Commercial Loss

Checklist:

  • Separate physical loss (kebocoran) dari commercial loss
  • Conduct leak survey (pilot area atau representative sample)
  • Estimate physical loss berdasarkan survey result (scale ke full system)
  • Analyze meter functioning (test sample meter untuk accuracy)
  • Identify illegal connections (visual survey, customer verification)
  • Estimate commercial loss (meter inaccuracy + illegal + reading error + billing inefficiency)
  • Create breakdown summary (physical loss %, commercial loss %)

Target state:

  • Clear understanding tentang mana loss yang paling significant
  • Prioritized intervention untuk high-impact area

Example:

  • Physical loss: 18% (mostly aged pipes, pressure too high)
  • Commercial loss: 12% (meter age, illegal connection, meter reading error)
  • Total NRW: 30%

PART B: Leak Detection & Repair

B1. Active Leakage Detection Program

Checklist:

  • Develop leak detection SOP (frequency, methodology, recording)
  • Train field team untuk leak detection (acoustic method, visual signs)
  • Acquire necessary equipment (acoustic leak detector, pressure gauge, etc.)
  • Establish leak database (location, severity, priority)
  • Establish repair prioritization logic (high water loss leak first)
  • Monitor repair completion rate (target: 100% within 30 days)
  • Track impact (reduction in water loss post-repair)

Frequency recommendation:

  • High-risk area (old pipes, high leakage history): Monthly
  • Medium-risk area: Quarterly
  • Low-risk area: Semi-annual

Target state:

  • Regular leak detection program running
  • Average leak repair time: <30 days
  • No chronic leaks repeat di same location

B2. Pressure Management

Checklist:

  • Map network pressure (measure pressure di various points/zones)
  • Identify high-pressure area (>60 PSI / >4 bar)
  • Install Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) di high-pressure zone
  • Set PRV to optimal pressure (40-50 PSI / 2.8-3.5 bar, balance adequacy & leakage reduction)
  • Monitor PRV functioning (regular check untuk malfunction)
  • Track water loss reduction post-PRV (should see 5-10% reduction)
  • Expand PRV installation ke additional zone based on pilot result

Expected outcome:

  • 3-5% water loss reduction through pressure management alone

Investment:

  • PRV + installation cost: ~Rp 50-100 juta per zone (depending size)
  • Quick ROI through water saving

PART C: Meter Management

C1. Meter Assessment & Replacement Program

Checklist:

  • Conduct meter age assessment (identify meters >10 years old)
  • Sample test meter accuracy (send sample meter to lab untuk calibration check)
  • Determine percentage of meters reading below actual (underregister)
  • Develop meter replacement priority (oldest meter, lowest reading first)
  • Procure replacement meter (ensure quality, certification)
  • Execute replacement program (phased, ~10-20% per year)
  • Train field team untuk proper meter installation & reading
  • Monitor meter replacement progress & water loss impact

Target state:

  • 100% meter age <10 years (maintain through ongoing replacement)
  • Meter accuracy >95% (calibration check)
  • Zero non-functioning meter

Investment:

  • Meter cost: ~Rp 300k-800k per meter (depending size)
  • Replacement for 5,000 customer = Rp 1.5-4 milyar total

C2. Meter Reading & Billing Process

Checklist:

  • Audit meter reading accuracy (sample check actual vs recorded)
  • Identify systematic reading error (e.g., certain area always high/low)
  • Implement quality control (senior read sample meter before billing)
  • Use technology (mobile app untuk meter reading, real-time validation)
  • Monitor billing accuracy (audit bill vs meter reading matching)
  • Investigate anomaly (consumption spike, sudden drop)
  • Establish dispute resolution process (customer can dispute reading)

Target state:

  • Meter reading accuracy >98%
  • Zero systematic bias
  • Fast dispute resolution

C3. Illegal Connection Detection & Enforcement

Checklist:

  • Conduct survey untuk identify illegal connection (no meter, tap outside formal connection)
  • Develop enforcement process (approach customer, offer legalization, set deadline)
  • Encourage legalization (offer incentive: low connection fee, installment plan)
  • Monitor compliance (follow-up untuk non-responsive customer)
  • Document enforcement action (for audit trail & learning)
  • Re-survey periodically (ensure illegal connection not re-appear)
  • Track revenue recovery (additional meter revenue from legalization)

Target state:

  • <1% illegal connection in service area
  • Quick response to newly discovered illegal connection

PART D: Operational Excellence

D1. Staff Training & Competency

Checklist:

  • Identify training need untuk leak detection, meter management, pressure optimization
  • Develop training curriculum (practical hands-on, not just theory)
  • Conduct training untuk field team, supervisors, management
  • Establish competency certification (test knowledge & skill)
  • Schedule refresher training (annually minimum)
  • Measure training effectiveness (post-training performance improvement)

Target state:

  • Every operator trained & certified
  • Consistent skill level across all team member
  • Culture of continuous learning

D2. Maintenance Planning & Execution

Checklist:

  • Develop preventive maintenance schedule (for main line, valve, pump)
  • Track maintenance history (what, when, by whom)
  • Minimize reactive maintenance (shift from reactive to preventive)
  • Monitor equipment age (plan replacement before failure)
  • Establish backup equipment (spare pump, valve for quick replacement)
  • Document lesson learned from failure (prevent repeat)

Target state:

  • 80%+ preventive maintenance; <20% reactive
  • Minimal unplanned outage due to equipment failure

D3. Data Quality & Management

Checklist:

  • Ensure production meter calibrated (annually minimum)
  • Ensure consumer meter calibrated (per regulation, usually every 3 years)
  • Digitize all data (no paper-based record)
  • Establish data validation process (check for error, anomaly)
  • Backup all data (regular backup, tested recovery)
  • Track data completeness (% of records with complete data)
  • Access control (who can view/modify data)

Target state:

  • Zero missing data in critical system
  • Data audit trail maintained
  • Confidence dalam data quality

PART E: Technology Infrastructure

E1. SCADA & Monitoring System

Checklist:

  • Define monitoring point (production, major line, zone boundary)
  • Install sensor (flow meter, pressure gauge, water quality)
  • Implement SCADA system (centralized data collection & display)
  • Create dashboard (show key metric: production, consumption, NRW trend)
  • Enable alert (notify operator jika anomaly detected)
  • Integration dengan maintenance system (automated work order generation)
  • Train operator untuk system utilization

Expected benefit:

  • Real-time visibility
  • Faster anomaly detection
  • Data-driven decision making

E2. GIS & Network Mapping

Checklist:

  • Create digital map of water network (main line, secondary line, valve, hydrant)
  • Include asset data (material, age, diameter, installation date)
  • Mark leak history (location, frequency)
  • Use GIS untuk planning (leak hotspot identification, pressure zone optimization)
  • Integrate dengan maintenance system (connect field work ke asset database)
  • Regular update (keep map current as network expand/change)

Target state:

  • Complete & current network map
  • Easy identification of problem area
  • Integration dengan operational decision-making

PART F: NRW Reduction Program Management

F1. Program Planning & Governance

Checklist:

  • Define NRW reduction target (2-3 year, realistic & ambitious)
  • Develop roadmap (which intervention, when, resource requirement, expected impact)
  • Allocate budget (capital for infrastructure, operational for program)
  • Assign responsibility (program lead, working team, accountability)
  • Establish governance (steering committee untuk oversight, decision-making)
  • Communicate program (staff, customer, stakeholder understanding)
  • Link to organizational strategy (connect NRW reduction to corporate goal)

F2. Monitoring & Evaluation

Checklist:

  • Establish baseline NRW (starting point for measurement)
  • Track progress monthly (compare actual vs target)
  • Calculate impact (water saved, revenue gained, cost avoided)
  • Identify issue (why gap between plan & actual)
  • Adjust approach (course correction if needed)
  • Report progress (quarterly to management, annually to board)
  • Document learning (what work, what not, why)

Metrics to monitor:

  • NRW % (target: reduce by 1-2% per year)
  • Physical loss reduction % (measure pressure management, leak repair impact)
  • Commercial loss reduction % (measure meter, illegal connection, billing improvement)
  • Water saved (million m3 per year)
  • Revenue impact (Rp million per year)
  • Cost per m3 saved (vs revenue gain, for ROI calculation)

F3. Sustainability & Continuous Improvement

Checklist:

  • Embed NRW management dalam standard operation (not temporary project)
  • Train successor (knowledge transfer for sustainability)
  • Establish monitoring KPI (NRW reported monthly, tracked yearly)
  • Budget untuk maintenance (keep system running, replacement as needed)
  • Plan for next phase (once first target achieved, define next improvement)
  • Share learning (with peer utilitas air, industry, regulator)

Target state:

  • NRW reduction sustained at lower level
  • Organization comfortable dengan new way of working
  • Ready untuk next improvement phase

Self-assessment Score

Complete this for your current state:

Item Status Score
Accurate NRW calculation ✓ / ✗ _/2
Physical vs commercial breakdown ✓ / ✗ _/2
Active leak detection program ✓ / ✗ _/2
Pressure management (PRV) ✓ / ✗ _/2
Meter replacement program ✓ / ✗ _/2
Meter reading quality control ✓ / ✗ _/2
Illegal connection enforcement ✓ / ✗ _/2
Staff training & competency ✓ / ✗ _/2
Maintenance planning ✓ / ✗ _/2
SCADA & monitoring ✓ / ✗ _/2
GIS network mapping ✓ / ✗ _/2
NRW reduction program governance ✓ / ✗ _/2
Progress monitoring & reporting ✓ / ✗ _/2

Total score: ___/26 points

  • 20-26 points: Advanced NRW management capability
  • 13-19 points: Intermediate; ready untuk expansion program
  • 6-12 points: Basic; need to build foundation first
  • 0-5 points: Minimal program; significant opportunity untuk improvement

Use checklist ini untuk identify priority action, plan resource allocation, dan track progress. Adjust timeline based pada available resource & organizational capacity.